Deprecated: Method ReflectionMethod::setAccessible() is deprecated since 8.5, as it has no effect since PHP 8.1 in /customers/d/c/1/planetethiopia.com/httpd.www/magazine/wp-content/plugins/visualcomposer/visualcomposer/Framework/Container.php on line 60

ውሸት ለምን እንዋሻለን? ውሸት ተናጋሪዎችን እንዴት ለይተን እናውቃለን?

Deprecated: Method ReflectionMethod::setAccessible() is deprecated since 8.5, as it has no effect since PHP 8.1 in /customers/d/c/1/planetethiopia.com/httpd.www/magazine/wp-content/plugins/visualcomposer/visualcomposer/Framework/Container.php on line 60
Deprecated: Method ReflectionMethod::setAccessible() is deprecated since 8.5, as it has no effect since PHP 8.1 in /customers/d/c/1/planetethiopia.com/httpd.www/magazine/wp-content/plugins/visualcomposer/visualcomposer/Framework/Container.php on line 60 Deprecated: Method ReflectionMethod::setAccessible() is deprecated since 8.5, as it has no effect since PHP 8.1 in /customers/d/c/1/planetethiopia.com/httpd.www/magazine/wp-content/plugins/visualcomposer/visualcomposer/Framework/Container.php on line 60 Deprecated: Method ReflectionMethod::setAccessible() is deprecated since 8.5, as it has no effect since PHP 8.1 in /customers/d/c/1/planetethiopia.com/httpd.www/magazine/wp-content/plugins/visualcomposer/visualcomposer/Framework/Container.php on line 60 Deprecated: Method ReflectionMethod::setAccessible() is deprecated since 8.5, as it has no effect since PHP 8.1 in /customers/d/c/1/planetethiopia.com/httpd.www/magazine/wp-content/plugins/visualcomposer/visualcomposer/Framework/Container.php on line 60 Deprecated: Method ReflectionMethod::setAccessible() is deprecated since 8.5, as it has no effect since PHP 8.1 in /customers/d/c/1/planetethiopia.com/httpd.www/magazine/wp-content/plugins/visualcomposer/visualcomposer/Framework/Container.php on line 60 Deprecated: Method ReflectionMethod::setAccessible() is deprecated since 8.5, as it has no effect since PHP 8.1 in /customers/d/c/1/planetethiopia.com/httpd.www/magazine/wp-content/plugins/visualcomposer/visualcomposer/Framework/Container.php on line 60 Deprecated: Method ReflectionMethod::setAccessible() is deprecated since 8.5, as it has no effect since PHP 8.1 in /customers/d/c/1/planetethiopia.com/httpd.www/magazine/wp-content/plugins/visualcomposer/visualcomposer/Framework/Container.php on line 60

ከሜክሲኮ ወደ አራት ኪሎ ለመሄድ የታክሲ ሰልፍ  መጨረሻ ላይ ተሰልፌያለሁ፡፡ መቼም የስራ መውጫ ሰዓት ስለነበር የሰልፉን እርዝመት ልነግራችሁ አልችልም ደግነቱ የታክሲው ቶሎ ቶሎ መምጣት በጊዜ ወደ ቤት የመግባት ተስፋዬን አለምልሞታል፡፡ ከኋላዬ አንዲት ወጣት ሴት ልጅ መጥታ ተሰለፈች በስልኳ እያወራች ነበር  ልጅቷ የምታወራውን የጽሁፌ መነሻ ስለሆነ እነግራችኋለሁ በስልኩ በዛኛው ጫፍ ሆኖ የሚያወራውን ወዳጅዋን ደግሞ የሚመልሰውን መልስ ከእርሷ መልስ ጋር እያሰናሰልኩኝ በምናቤ እመልሳለሁ፡፡

ልጅቷ፡- በጣም ነው የደከመኝ ብታይ በጊዜ ነው ወደ ቤት የምገባው

ልጁ፡- ትንሽ አንቆይም ናፍቀሽኛል እኮ

ልጅቷ፡- Me too ግን ደክሞኛል እረፍት እፈልጋለሁ የት ነህ አሁን??

ልጁ፡- (የሆነ ቦታ ይላታል)

ልጅቷ፡- አሪፍ፣ እዛው ነሀ ከ 25 ደቂቃ በኋላ እደርሳለሁ

ስልኩ ይዘጋል የታክሲ ተራችንም ይደርስና ሶስተኛው ወንበር ላይ ጎን ለ ጎን ተቀምጠን ጉዞ ወደ አራት ኪሎ፡፡ እንቅስቃሴ የሚበዛበት ሰዓት ስለነበር መንገዱ በመጠኑም ቢሆን ተዘጋግቷል፡፡ ፓርላማ አካባቢ ስንደርስ ስልኳን አውጥታ መልሳ ደውላ ደርሼያለሁ ትለዋለች፡፡ እሱም ምን እንዳላት በእርግጠኝነት ባላውቅም ከመልሷ ግን መረዳት የቻልኩት ልጁ በቦታው አልነበረም፡፡ ቆይ ግን መዋሸት ምን አስፈለገህ ?? መቼ ነው ይሄን ውሸትህን የምታቆመው ?? ብላ ስልኩን ድርግም፡፡ ስልኳ በተደጋጋሚ ቢጠራም መልሳ አላነሳችም፡፡ መጨረሻቸው እንዳልሆነ ተስፋ አደርጋለሁ፡፡የእነሱን ጉዳይ እንተውና እስኪ ስለ ውሸት ትንሽ እናውራ፡-

ውሸትን የተለያዩ ምሁራን ትርጓሜና እና ማብራሪያ ሰጥተውበታል በዚህም ነጋሪውን ለመጥቀም የታሰበ ሐሰታዊ የሆነ ግንኙነት(ሚሼል) የሚለው መጀመሪያው ሲሆን ይህም ብዙ ውዝግቦችን አስነስቶ ነበር፡፡ ምክንያቱም ነጋሪውን ብቻ ለመጥቀም  ውሸት አይነገርም የሚሉ፣ ውሸት ሆን ተብሎ የሚደረግ እውነትን የመደበቅ ስራ ነው ብለው መልስ የሰጡ ብዙ ወገኖች ነበሩ፡፡ በሁለተኛው የውሸት ማብራሪያ ወይም ፍቺ መሰረትም ሰዎች ሳያውቁት የተሳሳተ መረጃ ከተናገሩ እንደ ውሸት አይቆጠርም ማለት ነው፡፡ በርገን እና ቡለር የተባሉ ሁለት ምሁራን ደግሞ ውሸት ማለት መልዕክት ላኪው ለመልዕክት (መረጃ) ተቀባዩ ሆን ብሎ የተሳሳተ መረጃ በማቀበል መልዕክት ተቀባዩን መጉዳት ነው ይሉናል፡፡ እኛ ደግሞ የእራሳችን የሆነ የውሸት ትርጉም ወይም ፍቺ ይኖረናል፡፡

ውሸት ብዙ ጊዜ በቃላት ብቻ የሚገለጽ አይደለም በድርጊትም ጭምር እንጂ  ለምሳሌ ያልተጎዳ አትሌት እግሩን እንደተጎዳ አድርጎ እያነከሰ ከውድድር ወይም ከስልጠና ካቋረጠ ዋሽቷል ማለት ነው፡፡ መረጃን ሆን ብሎ መደበቅ ለምሳሌ የገቢን መጠን በመደበቅ ግብርን ለመቀነስ የሚደረግ ጥረትም ውሸት ነው፡፡ እኛ ሰዎች ውሸትን ለሌሎች ብቻ ሳይሆን ለእራሳችንም እንዋሻለን ለአብነትም ማሳካት የፈለግነውን ነገር በራሳችን በሆነ ምክንያት ካላሳካን ችግሩን በውጪ ኣካል በማሳበብ (Externalize) ለራሳችን ውሸት እንነግራለን፡፡ እንደ ዲፓውሎ እና ሌሎችም ምሁራን መሰረት ሶስት  የውሸት ዓይነቶች አሉ፡፡ የመጀመሪያው outright lie (falsification) ሲሆን በግርድፉ አማርኛ ፍጹም ውሸት የሚባለው ነው ይህም ውሸት ተናጋሪዎች ከእውነታው ፍጹም ተቃራኒ የሆነ መረጃን ወይም መልዕክት ይናገራሉ ወይም ያስተላልፋሉ፡፡ ሁለተኛው Exaggeration ወይም ማጋነን ሲሆን በዚህም ውሸት ተናጋሪዎች እውነታውን በማጋነን ያቀርባሉ ለምሳሌ ቀጠሮ ላይ አርፎዶ የሚመጣ ተቀጣሪ የመንገዱን መዘጋጋት ከዕውነታው በተጋነነ መልኩ ሊያቀርብ ይችላል፡፡ ሶስተኛው የውሸት ዓይነት subtle lie ሲሆን በዚህም የሚነገረው የውሸት ዓይነት ጥቂት ሆኖ ከብዙ እውነታዎች ጋር በማቅረብ ሰዎችን ለማማሳት የምንጠቀምበት ነው፡፡

ለምን እንዋሻለን ??

ግላዊ ጥቅም ለማግኘት፡  ለምሳሌ ለስራ ስንውዳደር ቃለ መጠየቅ ላይ የተሻለ ደመወዝ እንዲከፈለን አሁን የሚከፈለንን የደመወዝ መጠን ከፍ አድርገን እንናገራለን፡፡

.ቅጣትን ለማስቀረት፡ ህፃናት በወላጆቻቸው እንዳይቀጡ ያጠፉትን ነገር አይናገሩም ወይም አልሰራንም ይላሉ፡፡

ሌሎች ስለኛ መልካም እይታ እንዲኖራቸው ፡- ሰዎች ስለኛ ጥሩ የሆነ ግንዛቤ ይኖራቸው ዘንድ ያልሆነውን ሆንን፣ ያላደረግነውን አደረግን ብለን እንናገራለን፡፡

ከላይ የተጠቀሱት የውሸት ዓይነቶች  በእኛ ዙሪያ ያጠነጠኑ እና  እራሳችንን ለመጥቀም የታለሙ  (self oriented) ናቸው፡፡ ሆኖም ግን ለሌላ ሰው  ተብለው የሚዋሹ ውሸቶችም አሉ ለምሳሌ፡-

ሌሎች ሰዎችን ለመጥቀም፡ እናት ልጇን ከፍርድ ቤት ቅጣት ለመጠበቅ ስትል ወንጀሉ በተፈፀመበት ሰዓት ልጄ እቤት ነው ብላ ልትመሰክር ትችላለች፡፡

ሰዎች ለማህበራዊ ግንኙነት ሲባልም ይዋሻሉ፡ ጎረቤት እራት ተጋብዘን እዚህ ግባ የማይባለውን  ምግብ ጣት ያስቆረጥማል ብለን የምንወጣው ቀጣይ የሚኖረንን ግንኙነት ከግምት ውስጥ በማሰገባት ነው፡፡

ሰዎች እንደሁኔታው ዓይነት ውሸቶችን ይዋሻሉ ለምሳሌ ሮቢንሰን ባጠናው ጥናት ላይ ስራ ለማግኘት ተብሎ ቃለ ምልልስ ላይ የሚዋሽ ውሸትን 83% የሚሆኑ የጥናት ተሳታፊዎች የነበሩት የኮሌጅ ተማሪዎች እንደ ውሸት አይቆጥሩትም፡፡ ሮዋት ባጠናው ጥናት ደግሞ 40% የሆኑት የጥናቱ ተሳታፊዎች ወደፊት የፍቅር አጋር ይሆናል ብለው ላሰቡት ሰው በመጀመሪያ ግንኙነት ላይ እንደሚዋሹ አረጋግጠዋል፡፡ ሆኖም ግን ምን ያህል የሚሆነው የተሳካ የፍቅር ግንኙነት ኖሮት እንደቀጠለ ጥናቱ የሚለው ነገር ባይኖርም ከላይ በተቀስነው የውሸት ዓይነት ማለትም ሰዎች ስለ እኛ መልካም እይታ እንዲኖራቸው ለማድረግ በሚዋሽ ውሸት ፍፃሜው ያማረ የፍቅር ግንኙነት ሊኖረን አይችልም፡፡ ሌላው በጥናቱ ላይ የተመለከተው ነጥብ ጾታን በተመለከተ የታየ ልዩነት የለም ይህም ማለት ሁለቱም ወንዶችም ሴቶችም በእኩል መጠን ይዋሻሉ፡፡ በእኛስ ሀገር የትኛው የበለጠ ይዋሻል?? ወንድ ወይስ ሴት?? መልሱን ለእናንተ ተውኩት፡፡ ተጨማሪ በሌሎች ጥናቶች ላይ እንደተመለከተው ተጫዋች (ማህበራዊ) (Extraverts) ግላዊ (Introvert) ከሆኑት በበለጠ ውሸት እንደሚያዋሹ አመልክተዋል፡፡ውሸትን እና ውሸታሞኝችን ለመለየት ሰዎች በጥናት የተደገፉ ከቤተ ሙከራ እስከ ውሸትን የማወቂያ መሳሪያ (polygraph) ድረስ ያሉ የተለያዩ ዓይነት ዘዴዎችን ይጠቀማሉ፡፡ ፖሊግራፍን ውሸትን ለማወቅ የሚለካው እንደ ልብ ምትና የመሳሰሉትን አካለዊ ለውጦችን እንደመሆኑ መጠን እንደየ ግለሰቡ ባህሪ ትክክለኝነቱ ሊወሰን ይችላል፡፡ ስሜታቸውን በቀላሉ የሚቆጣጠሩ ሰዎች ውጤቱን ሊያሳስቱ ሲችሉ፤ ድንጉጥ፤ ስሜታዊና ለነገሩ አዲስ የሆኑ ግለሰቦች ደግሞ በተቃራኒው የቀጣፊነት ባህሪ ሊሰጣቸው ይችላል፡፡ አሁን አሁን ግን ከጎንዮሽ ጉዳቱና ከውጤቱ እርግጠኝነት ጋር በተያያዘ ፖሊግራፍ እየቀረ ያለ ቴክኖሎጂ ነው፡፡

ለጊዜው ግን ለእኛ ይሆነን ዘንድ የሰዎችን ባህርይ በማየት እንዴት ውሸታሞችን መለየት እንችላለን የሚለውን እንመለከት፡፡ የተደረጉት ጥናቶች በዋናነት መሰረት ያደረጉት ስሜታዊነትን (emotional state)፣ የወሬያቸውን (የመልዕክቱን) ይዘት (content complexity)  እና ባህርይን ለመቆጣጠር ከሚደረግ ጥረት (attempted behavioral control) በመነሳት ነው፡፡ ስሜታዊነት ላይ ሰዎች ውሸት ሲያወሩ አንደኛ ውሸት እያወሩ ስለሆነ የጥፋተኝነት ስሜት ይሰማቸዋል፣ ሁለተኛ በውሸቱ ምክንያት ወደፊት በሚያገኙት ጥቅም ደስተኛ ይሆናሉ ወይም ደግሞ ይታወቅብኝ ይሆን በማለት ይፈራሉ፡፡ ከወሬያቸው ይዘት ጋር በተገናኘ ውሸት ተናጋሪዎችን ለመለየት ተናጋሪውን ተደጋጋሚ ጥያቄ በመጠየቅ ተመሳሳይ መልስ እንደመለሰልን ማረጋገጥ እና ለምላስ ወለምታዎች ትኩረት መስጠት እንደ ዘዴ ተቀምጠዋል፡፡

የሰዎችን ባህርይ በማየትም ውሸት ተናጋሪዎችን መለየት እንችላለን ዲፓውሎ እና ሮዘንሀል በጥናታቸው እንዳረጋገጡት ከሆነ ውሸት የሚያወሩ ሰዎች በሚያውሩበት ጊዜ እነዚህን ባህሪዎች አሳይተዋል መረጃውን  የሚያስተላልፉለትን ወይም የሚነግሩትን ሰው ዓይን ላለማየት የተለያየ ጥረት ደርጋሉ፣ አላስፈላጊ በሆነ ቦታ ላይ ሊስቁ እና ፈገግ ሊሉ ይችላሉ፣ ተደጋጋሚ የሆነ መንገድ በእጅ ለማስረዳት የእጅ እንቅስቃሴ ያደርጋሉ (ውሸት የማይናገሩ ሰዎች በእጃቸው እንቅስቃሴ ለማስረዳት እንደሚሞክሩ ልብ ይሏል)፣ ፊታቸውን እና  ፀጉራቸውን ያካሉ ወይም ይነካሉ፣ በተለያዩ ፊት ለፊት በተቀመጡ ግዑዝ ነገሮች ይጫወታሉ፣ በፍጥነት ያወራሉ፣ ግንባራቸውን እና እጃቸውን ያልባቸዋል፣ ጥያቄ ሲጠየቁ እስኪመልሱ ድረስ ባንጻራዊነት ሰፊ ጊዜ ይወስዳሉ፣ በመሀል አ……ኧ….እም……ያበዛሉ፣ መንተባተብ (ቃላትን መደጋገም፣ ዐረፍተ-ነገሮችን አለመጨረስ፣ የምላስ ወለምታ)እንዲሁም  ድንገተኛ የሆነ የድምጽ መጨመርና መቀነስ ይታይባቸዋል፡፡

ሰዎች በተለያየ መንገድ ግንኙነት ፈጥረው ሲያወሩልን ወይም መልዕክት ሲያስተላልፉልን ከላይ ከጠቀስናቸው ምክንያቶች መካከል አንዳንድ ነገሮችን ካየን ውሸታም ብለን ከመፈረጃችን በፊት በእራሳችን መንገድ እና ለምን እንደዋሹን ደግሞ ማጣራት ይኖርብናል፡፡ በዚህች ባጭር ጽሁፍ መሸፈን አልችልም እንጂ ስለ Pathological liars (ህይወታቸው በሙሉ በውሸት ስለተሞላና ውሸት መናገርና ማቆም ስለማይችሉ ውሸት በሽታ ስለሆነባቸው ሰዎች) ጥቂት ባወራ ደስ ባለኝ ነበር፡፡ ነገር ግን ወደፊት ይዤላችሁ እንደምቀርብ ቃል በመግባት የዛሬውን በዚህ ልቋጨው፡፡

Source: Ze Psychology በቁምላቸው ደርሶ

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